APA Research Essay Sample - How to Prepare For This Essay?

APA Research Essay Sample - How to Prepare For This Essay?If you want to have a good and reliable educational credential, you need to acquire APA research essay sample. The credentials come with the core competencies that are usually required to gain entrance into a professional school, post-graduate school or university. This type of curriculum has developed great impact on the world of education.A valid degree is not just a means to obtain entry into a school but it is also a means to get the job. This is why students need to pass this kind of exam as a matter of honor.When going through this form of writing test, you need to write about an essay that is based on fact. You need to write the entire paper in a concise and understandable manner. You can do so by simply taking notes and writing the essay in short format.As opposed to the concept of the thesis, in this writing practice, the essay will be in a form of introduction. The goal of the essay is to give a proper description of some facts about a topic.In addition to the research aspect, you also need to consider that any errors or grammatical errors in your essay will make you look very unprofessional. So, before starting to write the essay, you must first learn the rules of grammar and how to do it properly. You also need to understand the constraints that are associated with the content.After preparing the content, you can start writing the essay. This process does not have to be complicated, as long as you take advantage of the rules of grammar and writing style. In case you find a difficult grammatical error, you may use an autocorrect feature for your computer.However, it is not a point of pride to be known as a good writer. This type of writing work is meant to make you know that you can write on a specific topic and this will bring out the true personality of the student.

William Paleys Philosophy Argument of Gods Existence

Paley’s argument for God’s existence is a substantial work. The argument is based on multiple points because the philosopher tried to answer to all possible criticisms to his ideas. Paley’s work contains multiple objections and counter-arguments defending the philosopher’s way of thinking.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on William Paley’s Philosophy Argument of God’s Existence specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In his work, Paley uses a teleological argument based on the watchmaker analogy. The philosopher compares the creator to a watchmaker and states that the presence of design proves the existence of a designer, although some of his ideas and statements fail to pass a logical approach. The teleological argument stands for the statement that is based on the observations of the outer world and nature. In the very beginning of his, work, Paley compares two situations. I n the first case, a person in the forest finds a stone, and in the second one, a person finds a watch on the ground. In both cases, the finder wonders where the object came from. In the case with a stone, the man believes that it could have been lying there forever, whereas in the case with a watch Paley notes that a person would never assume that the watch came from nowhere or was a part of the surroundings. The philosopher describes the mechanism and constituents of a watch in detail to prove that witnessing such complexity and balanced work of many pieces of various shapes and materials would make the finder think that the watch was created by intelligent thought. Paley states that the finder does not need to know how to make a watch, or how it works, he does not need to know the watchmaker to believe that the complex design of the watch has a purpose and was built by someone. This belief would not change even if the watch did not work properly, or if the finder detected a detail that was unnecessary, or if the finder did not know the purpose of the mechanism. Paley emphasizes that the complexity is what makes the watch different from a stone, it makes the person who found it wonder where it came from and assume that the mechanism has a purpose and was made by an intelligent force.Advertising Looking for term paper on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The philosopher also notes that there is no power that could have made such mechanism apart from an intelligent creator and that the finder holding a watch in their hand would never assume that this complicated object could have been assembled by itself or by some intrinsic principle of order. Paley states that one cannot say that laws of nature are causes of anything, because laws assume power and power assumes an agent that uses it. In the next part of his argument, Paley asks the readers to imagine that the watch found in the forest has a mi raculous ability to reproduce itself. The philosopher assumes that if the watch was impressive for the finder before this new quality was discovered, it means that its discovery would add another reason for the finder to believe that the watch was made by an intelligent creator. Paley believes that a random combination of physical forms could not be considered a cause of a purposeful watch. The philosopher bases this statement on the fact that no one ever witnessed anything like that assembling by itself under the influence of the principle of order. Paley adds that even if the principle of order was the cause of the existence of a mechanism that can reproduce itself, this would not make his argument weaker, on the contrary, this would mean that the intelligent creator standing behind it all is incredibly skilled. The fact that the watch can reproduce itself adds complexity to this object and strengthens the finder’s expectation that the watch has a maker. Besides, the fact t hat the watch can re-create itself does not change the belief that the design implies a designer. Even if there is a chain of self-reproducing watches, this chain cannot be infinite. This leaves the finder with the initial question about the maker of the very first watch. Paley concludes that the design comes from some intelligent source, the creator. To my mind, the strength of Paley’s argument is the fact that it appeals to the typical for humans way of thinking that is based on the unstoppable search for laws and connections between the things around us. People’s attempt to systematize and organize the world around according to certain rules, laws, and similarities is our way of cognition. Paley’s argument is an attempt to rationalize an unexplainable idea of the initial creation using analogy with something more familiar to a human mind. This argument seems quite logical until the reader starts wondering if the author’s assumptions are correct. For ex ample, on what basis does Paley suppose that a person that found a complex device such as a watch in the forest would assume that this object had a creator?Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on William Paley’s Philosophy Argument of God’s Existence specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To know that for sure the scientists have to conduct and experiment by taking a person and presenting them to an unexpected finding. After that, they will see what kind of assumptions this person would make about the object. Besides, I think that these assumptions would also differ depending on the kind of finder that is selected. For example, a modern person familiar with high technologies is most likely to assume that a complex mechanism was made by an intelligent creator, given that the mechanism looks like a mechanism, but not like a stone. At the same time, if the finder is, for example, a tribal dweller of a hill so mewhere in Africa or Asia that has never seen a watch or any other mechanism before it will be very hard to predict what kind of assumptions this person would make. One of the most popular objections to Paley’s work could be the imperfection of the creation as proof of the absence of excellent design and a designer. Paley thought this through and noticed that the presence of unnecessary detail in a watch does not deny the presence of the watchmaker. To my mind, the observation of nature is useful for the cognition of the outer world only when a person can experiment with the object of the study and examine it. The theoretical guesses based on observation of nature can be considered the truth only when there are scientific proofs of these theories and assumptions. Paley’s argument is built on a chain of groundless assumptions and general statements and any facts do not support it. The philosopher describes only one of the possible scenarios, which could happen if a man found a watch on the ground, and assumes that this is the only possible scenario. I think that observation without a scientific experiment is ineffective and confusing; to state something, we need more information than just our observations. Information is gained empirically. Observations alone can give us hypotheses, but not facts. To my mind, one cannot tell if God exists through observations of nature only. This term paper on William Paley’s Philosophy Argument of God’s Existence was written and submitted by user TheCapta1n to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

SEPT 11 essays

SEPT 11 essays When people examine right and wrong, they can overcome the negative side of themselves and become better humans. As we look at the act of terrorism that occurred on Tuesday, September 11, 2001 many feel the pain that is shared throughout the United States of America. They feel the frustration, agony, sorrow, and anger. This pain is shared mutually throughout the world even. Many of these people feel that we as a nation should strike back in full force, and aggressively tear down terrorism as a whole. In this short time since the tragedy there have been numerous polls taken that say America is ready to fight a long and drawn out war against terrorism. Perhaps war is not the answer. If we are to go to war will be stooping to the terrorists level. We will be killing thousands of people to make up the lives of the ones we lost, but that is not right, because you cannot bring back their lives now. We will be terrorists in their eyes. We will be coming in to their homeland, and taking away lives of people, because of their beliefs. They believe that their way is the right way, but so do we. We believe in freedoms, and we believe in having rights as people. An additional point is we will be sending many of our young troops to fight a battle that has already been won. We are a free nation and no act of terrorism should stop us from feeling free. There is nothing we can do to bring back the lives that have been lost. Going to battle is not going to win this war of freedom, because this war has already been won? We as a nation must be strong and carry on, because if we do not we will die as a nation and the terrorist with feel satisfaction knowing that they have kille d a nation on the inside even though the nation looks strong on the outside. In the short story The Long Exile, by Leo Tolstoy, an innocent man, Askenov, is charged with murder and is sentenced to life in prison. While in prison Askeno gets a name for himse ...

Research Confucius and Socrates Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Confucius and Socrates - Research Paper Example The financially pathetic family background did not restrict him from interacting with intellectual personalities and promoting his thoughts. Though not fully satisfied with the democracy of Athens, he always performed his duties well as a true citizen. Unfortunately, the democratic system accused him of corrupting the youth of Athens and further sentenced him to death. He accepted the death penalty without hesitation and died drinking the hemlock. Confucius believed that individuals themselves are solely responsible for their actions and behavior both individually and collectively. He had great love for his precedents for he claimed all his teachings had been derived from the ancients rather than his own perspectives (Confucius. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy). Confucius admired heaven and its blessings on mankind. Confucius maintained respect for spiritual forces and considered them worth worship. He emphasized on the significance of social behavior and considered love, affecti on, and concern for others as essentials of virtuous life. He also proposed concern for parents and siblings as qualities of discipline. Confucius believed that a ruler should posses the commendable qualities of discipline, love, concern in order to be a role model to his subjects.

Writing 102 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Writing 102 - Essay Example Red even comes to believe in Andy’s innocence. In the initial days of his prison life, Andy has difficulties adjusting. Most of the prisoners think of him as a snob. As a result, he undergoes many tribulations including rape from a prison gang that refers to themselves as the sisters. Red is the prison smuggler from whom you can get anything you need from the outside. After a while in prison, Andy begins to work for the guards, filling their tax returns (King 56). This makes him a hero in the prison community. He also helps to set up a prison library. In the process of working for them, he begins to launder money for them, reducing his chances of getting out of prison. Andy admits to Red that he had friend set up a false identity through which he now has a lot of money. He dreams of an escape from prison and he dreams of Red going with him to Mexico. One day he manages to escape and his escape signifies hope for the other prisoners. Eventually, Red gets out of jail and finds the rock that Andy had described to him, underneath which the keys to the bank’s safety deposit box were to be. He instead find a letter inviting him to join Andy in Mexico and a $100 0 gift. Red feels a sense of renewed hope as he plans to join Andy in Mexico. The movie ‘Shawshank Redemption’ is based on Stephen King’s book. It was adapted screen directed by Frank Darabont. Just like the book, the movie takes one through the journey of despair that inmates can go through, and the importance of having hope and a strong spirit. Unlike the book however, the movies uses film language to bring forth its theme of despair and hope. Film language includes lighting effects, music, and different camera angles (The Shawshank Redemption, Dir Frank Darabont). In the movie, most scenes do not have background music to represent the lack of life that is characteristic of life in prison. There is only one scene that has music when Andy

Depreciation And Provision For Depreciation Accounting Essay

Depreciation And Provision For Depreciation Accounting Essay Depreciation is the cost allocated as expense which has the effects of reducing the value of a fixed asset during the period it is used by a business. It is a non-cash expense and need to be charged to the Profit Loss account yearly which lowers the companys profit which increasing free cash flow. Fixed assets are long life. They are bought to assist in the operation of business but not with the main purpose of resale. They are in fact revenue-generating assets as they help to gain profit depending on their useful lives. Depreciable items include machinery, vehicles, buildings and fixtures There are reasons why assets may depreciate: Obsolescence: Assets are replaced because new and more efficient technology has been developed. Depletion or Exhaustion: The values of assets such as mines, quarries and oil wells diminish due to the extraction of raw materials from them. Passage of Time: Assets which have limited period of life in terms of years. The term amortization instead of depreciation is often used to refer this. Physical Deterioration: Assets become worn out after used. It becomes less cost- effective to perform and spend more to maintain and repair. The two most common methods used to calculate depreciation expense are: Straight line or Fixed Installment Method Reducing Balance or Diminishing Balance Method Straight Line Method An equal amount of depreciation over the estimated useful life of an asset is allocated for each year. Example : Original Cost : $30000 Estimated Residual Value : $6000 Estimated Useful Life : 6 Years Annual Depreciation = Original Cost Residual Value Estimated Useful Life = $ 30000 $6000 6 years = $4000 Reducing Balance Method Depreciation is calculated as a fixed percentage based on the book value of an asset at the beginning of the accounting year but not the cost of the asset. Example : Original Cost : $20000 Estimated Useful Life : 4 Years Rate of Depreciation : 20% per annum on the reducing balance Depreciation = Rate of Depreciation x Book Value at the Beginning of the Accounting Year Calculation $ Cost 20000 Year 1 (20% X 20000) (4000) 16000 Year 2 (20% X 15000) (3200) 12800 Year 3 (20% X 12800) (2560) 10240 Year 4 (20% X 10240) (2048) Net book value at end of Year 4 8192 Provision for Depreciation Provision for depreciation records accumulated depreciation. It is an asset contra account, hence a credit balance as shown as a deduction from the related fixed asset in the Balance Sheet. The balance of the provision for depreciation increases with time and the book value of the fixed asset decreases with time. Provision for  depreciation  account is the liability of business. By making provision for depreciation account, companys balance sheet will reflect the current value of fixed assets. When asset is sold, it accumulated provision for depreciation will be transfer from the credit side of provision for depreciation account. Then, we will compare it with the sale value of asset. If sale value of asset is more than the current book value of asset after adjusting from provision for depreciation, it will be profit on sale of asset. Why do business, companies, etc. include depreciation expenses and its provision in their financial statements? Reasons: To match the earning revenue The very first reason is to match the earning revenue. Depreciation is directly related to the matching concept. Matching concept is a concept that matches the expenses with related revenues. Under the matching concept, in a particular accounting period that the expenses are the cost of the assets used to earn the revenue, if there are no expenses there will be no revenues. Revenues cant generate without expenses. Therefore, when the expenses are matched with the revenues generated in the same period, the results will be the net profit or loss for that period. Example, consider ABC Woodworks Company, a woodworking business that purchases its own custom  woodworking machinery.   When ABC Woodworks Company purchases a new custom piece of machinery, this new machine is durable enough to last for several years.   In accounting terms, this means that the equipment is in use over several reporting  periods, not just the one in which the machine was purchased. Technological obsolescence Besides that, the purpose of depreciate the assets is to because of the technological obsolescence. Technological obsolescence generally occurs when a new product has been created to replace the old version. When a machine has ends its useful life, the business will need to buy another new machine to continue in order to produce goods. For an example, if the technology has been obsolete, the value of the revenue in the market will be very low. In that moment, the business will write off ( i.e. fully depreciated) the technology and the needs to buy a new and advance technology arise. Wear and Tear Next, the third reason of depreciation is wear and tear. What is wear and tear? It means that the asset has physically degenerated due to wear and tear in used. The more we used the assets the greater the wear and tear would be. There are many reasons of physical deteriorate of an asset example: erosion, accident, friction etc. The wear and tear is general but it is also cause of depreciation. Bad Debts Bad debts are the debts that are uncollectable from the debtors / customers. This usually happens when the firm sells an item on credit to the customers. A debt that is considered that wont be able to collect back by accountant only known as bad debt. For example, the customer has declared bankrupt, and this is where the accountant write the debt as bad debt. The accounting entry for bad debt is: Debit Bad Debt Expense Credit Account Receivable The credit entry reduces the account receivable balance while the debit entry increases the bad debts account which is expenses. Example: Tom Ltd sells goods to Jerry Ltd for $ 1000 on credit. Tom Ltd then found out that Jerry Ltd has been owed few companies, therefore there is a very low possibility that they will pay for the goods. Tom Ltd should write off the receivable from Jerry Ltd for this situation. The double entry will be recorded as: $ $ Debit Bad Debts Expense 1000 Credit Jerry Ltd (Account Receivable) 1000 The accounting solution is to make an allowance for bad debts, making the bad debts against sales when the bad debts accrued. Bad debts are needed to make appropriate adjustments to accounting data. Allowance for Doubtful Debts Doubtful debt is an expense to the business. It is a debt which is unlikely to be able to collect before turn to be bad debt. At the end of accounting period the budget of the business must be made on those amounts of the debtors. If we do not provide this account of doubtful debts, we may not be able to present a good productivity and profits of the business. In most circumstances it is estimated by applying a percentage to its debtors balance, which is likely go bad, during any one accounting period. The percentage is derived from the past experience of trend. In the first accounting period, the doubtful debt estimated will be recorded in full. In the subsequent accounting period, the variance of current and past period will be recorded. To record the increase in the doubtful debt estimation: Debit Profit and Loss (Expenses) Credit Allowance for doubtful debt To record the decrease in the doubtful debt estimation: Debit Allowance for doubtful debt Credit Profit and Loss (Revenue) Example: A business started on 1 January 2010. Its accounting period ended 31 December 2010. The total amount of debtors at the end of the accounting period was $30,000. It was estimated that 2% of the debtors would eventually go bad due to certain reasons but there was no evidence whether they were bankrupt or dead. Allowance for doubtful debt = % x Total debtors (after deducting bad debt) Solution: Allowance for Doubtful debt = 2% x $30,000 = $600 Debit Profit and Loss (Expenses) $600 Credit Allowance for doubtful debt $600 Reasons for Computing Allowance for Doubtful Debts Have a more accurate end of year account Not all debts will be decent at the end of the year account. This may be due to many different causes which consist of your debtor going bankrupt, dying or refuses to pay. These causes could mean that your business does not get all the money that was anticipated. This is why computing allowance for doubtful debts are so important. When you make an estimation based off a certain percentage you are giving your account a much more accurate lookout to go off. This means at the end of the year you will not be in huge astonishment if one of your debtors has been incapable to pay you. This means all your purchases will be more advantageous to the business overall. Will be capable to budget correctly Being capable to budget correctly is an advantage to any business. It will allow you to control and estimate cash flow well and also make more well-versed purchase decisions. When you make allowances for doubtful debts you are having fewer of a turnover at the end of the year. Yet the benefit is that you will not overspend on any stock, advertising or worker costs. Keeping your costs down is helpful to any businesses attainment. This is due to the fact overspending can put your business in a bad spot and avoid you from doing what is correct for your business. This is done to avoid over-stating the assets of the business as  trade debtors  are reported net of doubtful debt. These points are the main twos that you have to deliberate when making allowances. They are not the only two, but the two that can affect how you think about allowances for doubtful debts. Even if doing credit and debit accounting is not your thing it is also completely possible to outsource the entire process. This may charge you a bit of money but at the same time it will do your business a world of good and it is cheap compared to the possible risks. By keeping tracks of the amount of allowance for doubtful debt accounts, it will also mean that the bad debt expense will be stated closer to the time of sales rather than waiting for the account to be determined as uncollectable. Also, when the debtors of the company are paying well, the expense of allowance for doubtful debt may decrease. When this happens, it will be considered as revenue of the company. Thus, allowance for doubtful debt may not always be an expense to the company.

How Wwii Effected the Indian Independence Movement

Rebecca Martinez 18 November 2012 Professor Sutherland ANTH 4002 World War II’s Impact on the Indian Independence Movement The success of the Indian Independence movement is, by some scholars, largely attributed to efforts of Mahatma Gandhi. As stated by BBC, â€Å"Gandhi was the leader of the Indian nationalist movement against British rule, and is widely considered the father of his country† (India. wikia. com). However, this revolutionary movement, a dream that had been growing since the mid nineteenth century, was the infusion of a wide spectrum of Indian political organizations, philosophies, and rebellions.For example, the events and aftermath of the Second World War posed an economic crisis and political confrontation that transformed nationalism and colonialism for many colonies, including India. Even less credit is given to the various international events that shaped the movement, as well as those involved. Regardless of the divisions in Indian nationalist eff orts, both in support and against violence, they all contained one common goal: independence from Britain.Were historians correct in their proposition that India’s independence was largely attributed to Gandhi’s peaceful anti-war efforts, or were Gandhi’s strategies ultimately ineffective? If proven effective, should India’s rapid progress in independence during World War II be seen as affected most by Gandhi, or were bigger actors involved? I believe that the source of India’s successes in their 100-year struggle for independence should not be correlated with one man.Rather, by paying close attention to key events, powerful political players, critical economic changes, and motivating political factors from around the globe during this period, historians will gain a better understanding of how India’s independence movement was rapidly accelerated, and ultimately successful, during the period surrounding World War II. When war initially broke out in September of 1939, Britain’s grip on India was as fierce and stubborn as ever (Bose and Jalal, 130).Although Congress leadership in India implored Great Britain to define their war aim before declaring India’s support, viceroy Linlithgow avowed the British Indian Empire a belligerent against the axis powers without consulting prominent Indian leaders (Bose and Jalal, 130). Once it became clear that the British were unconcerned with Indian nationalist aspirations, the entire Congress leadership resigned from the local government councils in protest. However, this protest was not simply an opposition to Britain’s decision.Many Indian nationalists believed that Britain’s fight for democracy and freedom in the Second World War contradicted their rule over a multitude of colonies (wiki. com). Mahatma Gandhi, for example, termed Britain's â€Å"war to save democracy† as hypocrisy since it was denying democratic rights and individual liberties to Indians (wiki. com). Despite the atrocities faced by Indians under British rule, many Indians supported the British war effort and fought with the Allied Forces.In hopes that the British would leave India after the Second World War, the Indian National Congress cooperated with the British war efforts, making the British Indian Army was one of the largest volunteer forces during the war (India. wikia. com). However, when it became clear the Britain had no intention of relenting their hold India after the war, Gandhi called for a determined but passive resistance to foster a peaceful negotiation with the British government.Ultimately, Gandhi and the Congress Party proposed a â€Å"Quit India Movement,† which declared that if the British did not accede to the demands for Indian independence, a massive Civil Disobedience would be launched (Bose and Jalal, 133). However, once Britain arrested the top Congress Party leaders, the Quit India Movement fizzed out entirely before it eve n had a chance to gather steam.That being said, although Mahatma Gandhi’s initial civil disobedience movements were driving forces that ultimately shaped the cultural, religious, and political unity of a Indian diverse nation, they did not have a significant impact on Indian independence following the Second World War. Although history’s spotlight for Indian nationalist ideas during this time is set on Gandhi, the fight for freedom during World War II saw the rise of two independence movements. Some leaders of the revolutionary Indian independence movement collaborated with the Axis powers to overthrow the British Raj.Although largely ignored by historians, the Azad Hind movement, in collaboration with Japanese forces, successfully created the Indian National Army in 1942. Indian military alliances with Axis nations also included the Legion Freies Indien in Nazi Germany and the Battaglione Azad Hindoustan in Fascist Italy (wiki. com). Although Adolf Hitler saw Indians as racially inferior and had no interest in India’s future, he believed that if India gained its independence it could become a valuable ally of the Axis powers and help it gain dominance in the Indian Ocean area (Kumar).As a result, Germany and Japan actively provided support to Indian independence movement leaders. The Indian Nation Army, led by Subhash Chandra Bose, was based on the principle that â€Å"An enemy's enemy is a friend† (India. wikia. com). Bose also formed what came to be known as the Azad Hind Government, with Indian prisoners of war and Indian expatriates in South-East Asia, with the help of the Japanese (Bose and Jalal, 134). Its aim was to reach India as a fighting force that would build on public resentment to inspire revolts among Indian soldiers to defeat the Raj (Bose and Jalal, 134).However, due to poor arms and supplies from the Japanese and lack of support and training, the Indian National Army and entire Azad Hind ultimately failed. Althoug h defeated, Bose’s initiative gave hope to the Indian public and turned the support and loyalty of the native soldiers of the British Indian Forces from the crown to the Indian National Army soldiers. In doing so, the British Army, whose ultimate goal was to replace the loyalty of Indian soldiers to the crown, was replaced by the Indian National Army (Bose and Jalal, 134).Bose also succeeded in developing a larger participation and unity in the Indian community, one that crossed religious and gender boundaries, than Mahatma Gandhi’s Quit India movement. In his book The Indian Struggle, Bose described his first meeting with Gandhi in 1921, â€Å"there was a deplorable lack of clarity in the plan which the Mahatma had formulated and that he himself had no clear idea of the successive stages of the campaign which would bring India to her cherished goal of freedom† (Kumar).However, although Bose’s efforts did aid India’s independence movement, it did n ot create an impact large enough for historians to declare its actions as the main source of India’s accelerated independence. The most effective factor in Indian independence during World War II, therefore, could not have been the result of Indian nationalist efforts. It was British prime minister Clement Atlee who, when granting independence to India, said that Gandhi’s non-violence movement had next to zero effect on the British.In corroboration, Chief Justice P. B. Chakrabarty of the Kolkata High Court, disclosed the following in a letter addressed to the publisher of Ramesh Chandra Majumdar’s book A History of Bengal, â€Å"You have fulfilled a noble task by persuading Dr. Majumdar to write this history of Bengal and publishing it †¦ In the preface of the book Dr. Majumdar has written that he could not accept the thesis that Indian independence was brought about solely, or predominantly by the non-violent civil disobedience movement of Gandhi.When I w as the acting Governor, Lord Atlee, who had given us independence by withdrawing the British rule from India, spent two days in the Governor’s palace at Calcutta during his tour of India. At that time I had a prolonged discussion with him regarding the real factors that had led the British to quit India. My direct question to him was that since Gandhi’s â€Å"Quit India† movement had tapered off quite some time ago and in 1947 no such new compelling situation had arisen that would necessitate a hasty British departure, why did they have to leave?In his reply Atlee cited several reasons, the principal among them being the erosion of loyalty to the British Crown among the Indian army and navy personnel as a result of the military activities of Netaji [Subhash Chandra Bose]. Toward the end of our discussion I asked Atlee what was the extent of Gandhi’s influence upon the British decision to quit India. Hearing this question, Atlee's lips became twisted in a sarcastic smile as he slowly chewed out the word, â€Å"m-i-n-i-m-a-l! †(Kumar).In reality, the political confrontations and negotiations between Indian nationalists and the British were immensely influenced by an atmosphere of deepening economic crisis. In the aftermath of World War II, Britain’s economy was destroyed to such an extent that they were no longer able to financially maintain their military forces, making Great Britain incapable of containing the incessant freedom movements in their colonies. Therefore, due to its collapsed economy, Great Britain would have left India much later than they did after World War II, regardless of Gandhi, Bose, or any nationalist leader.The most influential character in India’s independence, therefore, would evidently be Adolf Hitler. Despite his selfish reasons for war, Hitler inadvertently created the perfect economic atmosphere needed for the Indian Independence Movement to take flight. Had Hitler not begun World War II, India’s independence, with only nationalist determination as a driving force, would most probably have taken much longer than it did. In the aftermath of World War II, India had increased its political, economic and military influence, which paved the way for its independence from Great Britain in 1947.Although the main factor in Britain’s retreat in India was its economic turmoil, India would not have been able to create or sustain a healthy economy, government, or military without the help of key nationalist leaders. For example, previous tensions between Indian castes were eased by Gandhi, who launched the Haijan movement, a campaign to improve the lives of the untouchables, whom he named Harijans, the children of God. Gandhi also influenced India’s blossoming political ideology. According to Jim Yardley, â€Å"Gandhi is given full credit for India’s political identity as a tolerant, secular democracy. Likewise, Indian military precedent was also set by Bose in his creation of the Indian National Army. Bose also succeeded in uniting various religious entities in India. For example, when he first three of Bose’s officers to be tried were a Hindu, a Muslim, and a Sikh, Indians of all three religions became united against the British in a national movement against the Indian National Army officers’ trial (india. wikia. com). Nationalist efforts, specifically Mahatma Gandhi, may have not been the leading force in India’s independence in 1947, but it did make independence easier. British historians P.J. Cain and A. G. Hopkins described the hopeless situation of the British in India as follows, â€Å"By the end of war, there was a loss of purpose at the very center of the imperial system. The gentlemanly administrators who managed the Raj no longer had the heart to devise new moves against increasing odds, not least because after 1939 the majority of the Indian Civil Service were themselves Indian. In 1945 t he new Viceroy, Wavell, commented on the â€Å"weakness and weariness of the importance of the instrument still our disposal in the shape of the British element in the Indian Civil Service.The town had been lost to opponents of the Raj; the countryside had slipped beyond control. Widespread discontent in the army was followed in 1946 by a mutiny in the navy. It was then Wavell, the unfortunate messenger, reported to London that India had become ungovernable [which finally led to the independence of India† (Kumar). Furthermore, although the Indian Independence Movement was greatly hastened by Britain’s economic crisis posed during the aftermath of World War II, India’s identity would not be the same without the influential works of Indian nationalists. Works Cited:Bose, Sugata & Jalal, Ayesha. 2011, Modern South Asia: History, Culture Political Economy, Third Edition. Routledge Taylor and Francis Group, London and New York. http://india. wikia. com/wiki/Indian_In dependence_Movement http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/India_in_World_War_II Kumar, Susmit. 2012. ‘Hitler, NOT Gandhi, Should Be Given Credit for the Independence of India in 1947’, [Online] Available at: http://www. susmitkumar. net/index. php? option=com_content&view=article&id=100&Itemid=86 Yardley, Jim. 2010, ‘Obama Invokes Gandhi, Whose Ideal Eludes India. ’ New York Times. 6, Nov.